Method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element

ABSTRACT

A method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element includes the steps of forming a first electrode above a substrate, forming above the first electrode a piezoelectric layer composed of a piezoelectric material having a perovskite structure, and forming a second electrode above the piezoelectric layer, wherein the step of forming the first electrode includes forming a lanthanum nickelate layer that is oriented to a cubic (100) by a sputter method, and a ratio of nickel to lanthanum (Ni/La) in a target used for the sputter method is greater than 1 but smaller than 1.5.

The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-089167, filed Mar. 25, 2005 is expressly incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates to piezoelectric elements and methods for manufacturing the same, ink jet recording heads and ink jet printers.

2. Related Art

Ink jet printers are known as printers that can realize high image quality and high speed printing. In order to improve the characteristics of piezoelectric elements in ink jet recording heads for ink jet printers, it is important to control the crystal orientation of the piezoelectric layers.

As a method to control the crystal orientation, Japanese Laid-open patent application JP-A-2000-158648 describes a control method using an MgO (100) single crystal substrate. However, according to this method, the process for manufacturing an ink jet recording head may become complex.

SUMMARY

In accordance with an advantage of some aspects of the invention, piezoelectric elements that can obtain good piezoelectric characteristics and methods for manufacturing such piezoelectric elements can be provided. In accordance with another advantage of some aspects of the invention, ink jet recording heads and ink jet printers that use the piezoelectric elements described above are provided.

In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element includes the steps of: forming a first electrode above a substrate; forming above the first electrode a piezoelectric layer composed of a piezoelectric material having a perovskite structure; and forming a second electrode above the piezoelectric layer, wherein the step of forming the first electrode includes forming a lanthanum nickelate layer oriented to a cubic (100) by a sputter method, and a ratio of nickel to lanthanum (Ni/La) in a target used for the sputter method is greater than 1 but smaller than 1.5.

According to the method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element, a piezoelectric element having good piezoelectric characteristics can be provided because of the following reasons.

Basically, lanthanum nickelate would likely be self-oriented to (100). However, for example, if the ratio of nickel to lanthanum in a target used for the sputter method is less than 1 or greater than 1.5, the crystallinity of the lanthanum nickelate deteriorates. In contrast, according to the method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element in accordance with the present embodiment, the ratio of nickel to lanthanum in a target is set to be greater than 1 but smaller than 1.5, whereby the lanthanum nickelate layer is oriented to (100). In this manner, because the lanthanum nickelate layer is oriented to (100), the piezoelectric layer succeeds the crystal orientation of the lanthanum nickelate layer and can be oriented to (100), when the piezoelectric layer is formed above the lanthanum nickelate layer. Accordingly, the piezoelectric element has the piezoelectric layer having a higher piezoelectric constant and exhibits a greater strain to an impressed voltage. In other words, according to the piezoelectric element, much better piezoelectric characteristics can be obtained.

It is noted that, in the descriptions concerning the invention, the term “above” may be used, for example, as “a specific element (hereafter referred to as “A”) is formed ‘above’ another specific element (hereafter referred to as “B”).” In this case, the term “above” is assumed to include a case in which A is formed directly on B, and a case in which A is formed above B through another element.

In the method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element in accordance with an aspect of the embodiment, the step of forming the first electrode may include forming a low resistivity layer composed of a conductive material having a lower specific resistance compared to lanthanum nickelate.

In the method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element in accordance with an aspect of the embodiment, the conductive material may include at least one of a metal, an oxide of the metal, and an alloy of the metal, and the metal may be at least one of Pt, Ir, Ru, Ag, Au, Cu Al and Ni.

In the method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element in accordance with an aspect of the embodiment, the lanthanum nickelate layer may be formed above the low resistivity layer.

In the method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element in accordance with an aspect of the embodiment, the lanthanum nickelate layer and the piezoelectric layer may be formed in contact with each other.

In the method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element in accordance with an aspect of the embodiment, the piezoelectric material is composed of a rhombohedral crystal or a mixed crystal of tetragonal and rhombohedral crystals, and may be oriented to (100).

A piezoelectric element in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention may be obtained by the method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element described above.

An ink jet recording head in accordance with an embodiment of the invention has any one of the piezoelectric elements described above.

An ink jet printer in accordance with an embodiment of the invention has the ink jet recording head described above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a piezoelectric element in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a 2θ-θ scanning X-ray diffraction pattern of a lanthanum nickelate layer in accordance with an experimental example.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a modified example of the piezoelectric element in accordance with the first embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an ink jet recording head in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic exploded perspective view of the ink jet recording head in accordance with the second embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a view for describing operations of an ink jet recording head.

FIG. 7 is a view for describing operations of the ink jet recording head.

FIG. 8 is a view schematically showing a structure of an ink jet printer in accordance with a third embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

1. First Embodiment

1-1. First, a piezoelectric element 10 in accordance with a first embodiment is described.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the piezoelectric element 10. The piezoelectric element 10 includes a substrate 1, a stopper layer 2 formed on the substrate 1, a hard layer 3 formed on the stopper layer 2, a first electrode 4 formed on the hard layer 3, a piezoelectric layer 5 formed on the first electrode 4, and a second electrode 6 formed on the piezoelectric layer 5.

For example, a silicon substrate with a (110) orientation may be used as the substrate 1. For example, a layer of silicon oxide may be used as the stopper layer 2. The stopper layer 2 can function as an etching stopper, for example, in the step of etching the substrate 1 from its back surface side for forming a cavity 521 of an ink jet recording head 50 (see FIG. 4). Also, the stopper layer 2 and the hard layer 3 function as an elastic layer 55 in the ink jet recording head 50. As the hard layer 3, for example, a layer of yttria stabilized zirconia, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, or the like can be used.

The first electrode 4 may include a low resistivity layer 40, and a lanthanum nickelate layer 42 formed on the low resistivity layer 40. The first electrode 4 is one of electrodes for impressing a voltage to the piezoelectric layer 5. The first electrode 4 may be formed in the same plane configuration as that of, for example, the piezoelectric layer 5.

The low resistivity layer 40 is composed of a conductive material having a lower specific resistance, compared to lanthanum nickelate. The conductive material can include at least one of, for example, a metal, an oxide of the metal, an alloy composed of the metal. It is noted that, for example, at least one of Pt, Ir, Ru, Ag, Au, Cu, Al and Ni can be used as the metal. For example, IrO₂ and RuO₂ may be enumerated as the oxide of the metal. For example, Pt—Ir, Ir—Al, Ir—Ti, Pt—Ir—Al, Pt—Ir—Ti and Pt—Ir—Al—Ti may be enumerated as the alloy composed of the metal. In accordance with the present embodiment, the crystal orientation of the conductive material is not particularly limited, and, for example, can be in a (111) orientation. The film thickness of the low resistivity layer 40 may be, for example, about 50 nm-150 nm.

The lanthanum nickelate layer 42 is in contact with the piezoelectric layer 5. Lanthanum nickelate composing the lanthanum nickelate layer 42 can be expressed by a chemical formula, LaNiO_(y) (2≦y≦3). Lanthanum nickelate is oriented to (100). It is noted that the crystal orientation of lanthanum nickelate in the in-plane direction is random. Lanthanum nickelate would likely be self oriented to (100). The film thickness of lanthanum nickelate layer 42 may be, for example, about 10 nm-140 nm.

The piezoelectric layer 5 is composed of a piezoelectric material having a perovskite structure. The piezoelectric layer 5 is in contact with the lanthanum nickelate layer 42. The piezoelectric material composing the piezoelectric layer 5 may preferably be in a rhombohedral crystal or a mixed crystal of tetragonal and rhombohedral crystals, and may preferably be oriented to (100). The piezoelectric layer 5 composed of such a piezoelectric material has a high piezoelectric constant.

The piezoelectric material can be expressed by, for example, a general formula ABO₃. It is noted here that A may include Pb, and B may include at least one of Zr and Ti. Further, B may also include at least one of V, Nb and Ta. In this case, the piezoelectric material can include at least one of Si and Ge. More concretely, the piezoelectric material may include at least one of lead zirconate titanate (Pb (Zr, Ti)O₃), lead zirconate titanate niobate (Pb (Zr, Ti, Nb)O₃), lead lanthanum titanate ((Pb, La) TiO₃), lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ((Pb, La) Zr TiO₃), lead magnesium niobate titanate (Pb(Mg, Nb)TiO₃), lead magnesium niobate zirconate titanate (Pb(Mg, Nb)(Zr, Ti)O₃), lead zinc niobate titanate (Pb (Zn, Nb) TiO₃), lead scandium niobate titanate (Pb (Sc, Nb) TiO₃), lead nickel niobate titanate (Pb(Ni, Nb) TiO₃), and lead indium magnesium niobate titanate (Pb (In, Mg, Nb) TiO₃).

Also, the piezoelectric material may include at least one of (Ba_(1-x) Sr_(x))TiO₃ (0≦x≦0.3), Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂, SrBi₂Ta₂O₉, LiNbO₃, LiTaO₃ and KNbO₃. The film thickness of the piezoelectric layer 5 may be, for example, about 0.4 μm-5 μm.

The second electrode 6 includes a conductive oxide layer 46 and another low resistivity layer (hereafter referred to as a “second low resistivity layer”) 47 formed on the conductive oxide layer 46. The second electrode 6 is the other of the electrodes for impressing a voltage to the piezoelectric layer 5. As the second electrode 6 includes the conductive oxide layer 46 and the second low resistivity layer 47; the second electrode 6 and the first electrode 4 are generally placed symmetrical with each other with respect to the piezoelectric layer 5. In other words, the symmetric property of the piezoelectric element 10 can be made better. It is noted that the second electrode 6 can be formed from either the conductive oxide layer 46 or the second low resistivity layer 47. The second electrode 6 may be formed in the same plane configuration as that of the piezoelectric layer 5.

The conductive oxide layer 46 may be composed of conductive oxide having a perovskite structure. The conductive oxide may include, for example, at least one of CaRuO₃, SrRuO₃, BaRuO₃, SrVO₃, (La, Sr) MnO₃, (La, Sr) CrO₃, (La, Sr) CoO₃, LaNiO_(y) (2≦y≦3), and a solid solution composed of at least two of the foregoing materials. The film thickness of the conductive oxide layer 46 may be, for example, about 0 nm-200 nm.

The second low resistivity layer 47 may be composed of, for example, a conductive material with a lower specific resistance compared to the conductive oxide that composes the conductive oxide layer 46. The conductive material may be composed of, for example, the conductive material composing the low resistivity layer 40 described above. The film thickness of the second low resistivity layer 47 may be, for example, about 0 nm-200 nm.

1-2. Next, a method for manufacturing the piezoelectric element 10 in accordance with the present embodiment is described with reference to FIG. 1.

First, a silicon substrate with a (110) orientation is prepared as a substrate 1.

Next, a stopper layer 2 is formed on the substrate 1. The stopper layer 2 may be formed by, for example, a thermal oxidation method, a CVD method or the like.

Next, a hard layer 3 is formed on the stopper layer 2. The hard layer 3 may be formed by, for example, a CVD method, a sputtering method, a vacuum evaporation method or the like.

Next, a low resistivity layer 40 is formed on the hard layer 3. As described above, in accordance with the present embodiment, since the crystal orientation of a conductive material that composes the low resistivity layer 40 is not particularly limited, conditions and method for fabricating the low resistivity layer 40 can be optionally selected. The low resistivity layer 40 may be formed by, for example, a sputter method, a vacuum vapor deposition method or the like. Also, the temperature at which the low resistivity layer 40 is formed may be, for example, room temperature to 600° C.

Next, a lanthanum nickelate layer 42 is formed on the low resistivity layer 40. The lanthanum nickelate layer 42 is formed by a sputtering method. The ratio of nickel to lanthanum (Ni/La) in a target used for the sputtering method is greater than 1 but smaller than 1.5. As the target, for example, a target formed by mixing La₂O₃ powder and NiOx powder, and sintering the mixture may be used. The ratio of nickel to lanthanum in the target may be set to a desired value by, for example, adjusting the mixing ratio between La₂O₃ powder and NiOx powder. If the lanthanum nickelate layer 42 is formed by, for example, a RF sputtering method, the RF power may be set to, for example, 500-3 kW. Also, the ratio of oxygen in a mixture of argon and oxygen (O₂/(Ar+O₂) may be set to, for example, 0%-50%. By the steps described above, the first electrode 4 is formed.

Next, a piezoelectric layer 5 is formed on the lanthanum nickelate layer 42. The piezoelectric layer 5 may be formed by, for example, a sputtering method, a sol-gel method or the like.

Next, a conductive oxide layer 46 is formed on the piezoelectric layer 5. The conductive oxide layer 46 may be formed by, for example, a sputtering method, a sol-gel method or the like.

Next, a second low resistivity layer 47 is formed on the conductive oxide layer 46. The second low resistivity layer 47 may be formed by, for example, a sputter method, a vacuum evaporation method or the like. By the steps described above, the second electrode 6 is formed.

By the process described above, the piezoelectric element 10 in accordance with the present embodiment can be formed.

1-3. Next, experimental examples are described.

With the present experimental example, the ratio of nickel to lanthanum (Ni/La) in each target used for a sputtering method was changed, whereby the lanthanum nickelate layer 42 was formed. Concretely, a sample A with the ratio of Ni/La being 1, a sample B with the ratio being 1.2, a sample C with the ratio being 1.5, and a sample D with the ratio being 1.8 were formed. It is noted that a silicon substrate with a (110) orientation was used as the substrate 1, a laminated layer film of silicon oxide and titanium oxide (TiO_(x)) as the stopper layer 2, and a platinum layer as the low resistivity layer 40. It is noted that the hard layer 3 was not formed. Also, the lanthanum nickelate layer 42 was formed by a RF sputtering method. The RF sputtering method was conducted under conditions with the RF power being 1 kW, the substrate temperature being 250° C., and the ratio of O₂/(Ar+O₂) being 10%. The film thickness of each of the layers was as follows. The silicon oxide layer was 1000 nm thick, the titanium oxide layer was 400 nm thick, the low resistivity layer 40 was 100 nm thick, and the lanthanum nickelate layer 42 was 80 nm thick.

FIG. 2 is a 2θ-θ scanning X-ray diffraction pattern of the lanthanum nickelate layers 42 in accordance with the experimental examples. As shown in FIG. 2, with the sample A, broad peaks derived from the fact that lanthanum nickelate was oriented to (100) were observed. In the fabrication of the sample A, because the conductivity of the target (with Ni/La=1) used for the sputtering method was higher compared to the other targets used for forming the other samples, abnormal discharge occurred, which made it difficult to fly atoms from the target. When the RF power was increased to fly atoms from the target, cracks would be generated in the target. In this manner, in the formation with the target A, it is believed that, because it was difficult for atoms to fly from the target, the raw material was not sufficiently supplied, and the crystallinity of the lanthanum nickelate layer 42 was deteriorated, which resulted in the broad peaks.

On the other hand, with the sample B, as shown in FIG. 2, only sharp peaks derived from the fact that lanthanum nickelate was oriented to (100) were observed. It is believed that, because nickel was sufficiently supplied from the nickel-rich target (with Ni/La=1.2) in the case of the sample B, nickel in the lanthanum nickelate layer 42 was moderately secured, which resulted in a good crystal orientation.

In contrast, with the sample C, as shown in FIG. 2, a peak of lanthanum nickelate (110) was observed. It is believed that, because nickel was excessively supplied from the nickel-rich target (with Ni/La=1.5) in the case of the sample C, nickel in the lanthanum nickelate layer 42 became excessive, and the crystal orientation was disturbed.

Also, with the sample D, as shown in FIG. 2, no peak of lanthanum nickelate was observed. In other words, with the sample D, nickel was excessively supplied from the nickel-rich target (with Ni/La=1.8) in the case of the sample D, and the lanthanum nickelate did not crystallize.

From the results of the experimental examples, it was confirmed that, by setting the ratio of nickel to lanthanum (Ni/La) in a target used for a sputter method to be greater than 1 but smaller than 1.5, the lanthanum nickelate layer 42 is oriented to (100).

1-4. According to the method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element 10 in accordance with the embodiment, the piezoelectric element 10 can be provided with excellent piezoelectric characteristics. The reasons are as follows.

Basically, lanthanum nickelate would likely be self oriented to (100). However, as shown by the experimental examples described above, for example, if the ratio of nickel to lanthanum in a target used for a sputtering method is smaller than 1 or greater than 1.5, the crystallinity of the lanthanum nickelate layer 42 is deteriorated. In contrast, according to the method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element 10 in accordance with the present embodiment, as described above, by setting the ratio of nickel to lanthanum in a target used for a sputtering method to be greater than 1 but smaller than 1.5, the lanthanum nickelate layer 42 becomes oriented to (100). This does not depend on the crystal orientation of the conductive material that forms the base layer, i.e., the low resistivity layer 40. Due to the fact that the lanthanum nickelate layer 42 is oriented to (100), when the piezoelectric layer 5 is formed on the lanthanum nickelate layer 42, the piezoelectric layer 5 can succeed the crystal orientation of the lanthanum nickelate layer 42, thereby being oriented to (100). As a result, the piezoelectric element 10 can have the piezoelectric layer 5 that has a higher piezoelectric constant, and exhibits a greater deformation to a voltage impressed. In other words, by the piezoelectric element 10 in accordance with the present embodiment, better piezoelectric characteristics can be obtained.

Also, in the piezoelectric element 10 in accordance with the present embodiment, the first electrode 4 has the low resistivity layer 40. The low resistivity layer 40 is composed of a conductive material with a lower resistance compared to lanthanum nickelate. By this, for example, when the case where the first electrode 4 does not have a low resistivity layer 40 and the case where the first electrode 4 has a low resistivity layer 40 are compared to each other, with the first electrodes 4 being in the same configuration, the first electrode 4 has a lower resistivity as a whole in the case where the first electrode 4 has the low resistivity layer 40 (in other words, in the case of the present embodiment). Accordingly, the piezoelectric element 10 in accordance with the present embodiment, excellent piezoelectric characteristics can be obtained.

1-5. Next, a modified example of the piezoelectric element 10 in accordance with the present embodiment is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is noted that features different from those of the piezoelectric element 10 described above and shown in FIG. 1 are described, and descriptions of similar features are omitted. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of the modified example of the piezoelectric element 10.

For example, as shown in FIG. 3, it is possible that a first electrode 4 does not have a low resistivity layer 40. In other words, the first electrode 4 may be composed of a lanthanum nickelate layer 42 alone.

Also, for example, as shown in FIG. 3, a second electrode 6 may be composed of a conductive oxide layer 46 alone. Also, for example, although not shown, the second electrode 6 may be composed of a second low resistivity layer 47 alone. In these cases, the second electrode 6 and the first electrode 4 can be provided generally symmetrical with each other with respect to a piezoelectric layer 5.

It is noted that the modified examples described above represent merely examples, and the invention is not limited to these modified examples. For example, the lamination order and the number of the layers laminated can be optionally changed.

2. Second Embodiment

2-1. Next, an ink jet recording head in accordance with an embodiment having a piezoelectric element 10 of the first embodiment is described. FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view schematically showing a structure of an ink jet recording head in accordance with the present embodiment, and FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of the ink jet recording head. It is noted that FIG. 5 shows the ink jet recording head upside down with respect to a state in which it is normally used.

The ink jet recording head (hereafter also referred to as the “head”) 50 is equipped with a head main body 57 and piezoelectric sections 54 provided above the head main body 57, as shown in FIG. 4. It is noted that each of the piezoelectric sections 54 shown in FIG. 4 corresponds to a section having the first electrode 4, the piezoelectric layer 5 and the second electrode 6 of the piezoelectric element 10 in accordance with the first embodiment.

Also, the stopper layer 2 and the hard layer 3 in the piezoelectric element 10 in accordance with the first embodiment correspond to an elastic layer 55 in FIG. 4. Also, the substrate 1 composes a main portion of the head main body 57, in FIG. 4.

The head 50 is equipped with a nozzle plate 51, an ink chamber substrate 52, an elastic layer 55, and piezoelectric elements (vibration sources) 54 that are bonded to the elastic layer 55, which are housed in a base substrate 56, as shown in FIG. 5. The head 50 forms an on-demand type piezoelectric jet head.

The nozzle plate 51 is formed from, for example, a rolled plate of stainless steel or the like, and includes multiple nozzles 511 formed in a row for jetting ink droplets. The pitch of the nozzles 511 may be appropriately set according to the printing resolution.

The ink chamber substrate 52 is fixedly bonded (affixed) to the nozzle plate 51. The ink chamber substrate 52 is formed with the substrate 1 described above (see FIG. 1, for example). The ink chamber substrate 52 has a plurality of cavities 521, a reservoir 523, and supply ports 524, which are defined by the nozzle plate 51, side walls (partition walls) 522 and the elastic layer 55. The reservoir 523 temporarily reserves ink that is supplied from an ink cartridge 631 (see FIG. 8). The ink is supplied from the reservoir 523 to the respective cavities 521 through the supply ports 524.

Each of the cavities 521 is provided in a manner to correspond to each of the corresponding nozzles 511, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. The cavity 521 has a volume that is variable by vibrations of the elastic layer 55. The cavity 521 is formed to eject ink by the volume change.

As a base material for obtaining the ink chamber substrate 52 (see FIG. 1, for example), for example, a silicon single-crystal substrate with a (110) orientation is used. Because the silicon single-crystal substrate with a (110) orientation is suitable for anisotropic etching, the ink chamber substrate 52 can be readily and securely formed.

The elastic layer 55 is disposed on the ink chamber substrate 52 on the opposite side of the nozzle plate 51. Also, a plurality of piezoelectric sections 54 are provided on the elastic layer 55 on the opposite side of the ink chamber substrate 52. A communication hole 531 that penetrates the elastic layer 55 in its thickness direction is formed in the elastic layer 55 at a predetermined position. Ink is supplied from an ink cartridge 631 to the reservoir 523 through the communication hole 531.

Each of the piezoelectric sections 54 is electrically connected to a piezoelectric element driving circuit to be described below, and is structured to operate (vibrate, deform) based on signals provided by the piezoelectric element driving circuit. In other words, each of the piezoelectric sections 54 functions as a vibration source (piezoelectric element). The elastic layer 55 vibrates (deforms) by vibration (deformation) of the piezoelectric section 54, and functions to instantaneously increase the inner pressure of the cavity 521.

The base substrate 56 is formed from, for example, any one of various resin materials, any one of metal materials, or the like. The ink chamber substrate 52 is affixed to and supported by the base substrate 56, as shown in FIG. 5.

2-2. Next, operations of the ink jet recording head 50 in accordance with the present embodiment are described. In the head 50 in accordance with the present embodiment, in a state in which a predetermined jetting signal is not inputted through the piezoelectric element driving circuit, in other words, in a state in which no voltage is applied across the first electrode 4 and the second electrode 6 of the piezoelectric section 54, no deformation occurs in the piezoelectric layer 5, as shown in FIG. 6. Therefore, no strain occurs in the elastic layer 55, and no volume change occurs in the cavity 521. Accordingly, no ink droplet is discharged from the nozzle 511.

On the other hand, in a state in which a predetermined jetting signal is inputted through the piezoelectric element driving circuit, in other words, in a state in which a predetermined voltage is impressed across the first electrode 4 and the second electrode 6 of the piezoelectric section 54, a deflection deformation occurs in the piezoelectric layer 5 in its minor axis direction (in a direction indicated by an arrow s shown in FIG. 7). By this, the elastic layer 55 flexes, thereby causing a change in the volume of the cavity 521. At this moment, the pressure within the cavity 521 instantaneously increases, and an ink droplet 58 is discharged from the nozzle 511.

In other words, when the voltage is impressed, the crystal lattice of the piezoelectric layer 5 is extended in a direction perpendicular to its surface (in a direction indicated by an arrow d shown in FIG. 7), but at the same time compressed in a direction along the surface. In this state, a tensile stress f works in-plane in the piezoelectric layer 5. Therefore, this tensile stress f bends and flexes the elastic layer 55. The larger the amount of displacement (in an absolute value) of the piezoelectric layer 5 in the direction of the minor axis of the cavity 521, the more the amount of flex of the elastic layer 55 becomes, and the more effectively an ink droplet can be discharged.

When an ejection of ink has been completed, the piezoelectric element driving circuit stops application of the voltage across the first electrode 4 and the second electrode 6. By this, the piezoelectric section 54 returns to its original shape, shown in FIG. 6, and the volume of the cavity 521 increases. It is noted that, at this moment, a pressure (pressure in a positive direction) works on the ink in a direction from the ink cartridge 631 toward the nozzle 511. For this reason, air is prevented from entering the cavity 521 from the nozzle 511, and an amount of ink matching with the jetting amount of ink is supplied from the ink cartridge 631 through the reservoir 523 to the cavity 521.

In this manner, by inputting jetting signals successively through the piezoelectric element driving circuit to the piezoelectric sections 54 at positions where ink droplets are to be jetted, arbitrary (desired) characters and figures can be printed.

2-3. Next, an example of a method for manufacturing the ink jet recording head 50 in accordance with the present embodiment is described.

First, a base material that becomes an ink chamber substrate 52, in other words, a substrate 1 composed of a silicon single-crystal substrate with a (110) orientation, is prepared. Then, as shown in FIG. 1, for example, layers for a stopper layer 2, a hard layer 3, a first electrode 4, a piezoelectric layer 5 and a second electrode 6 are successively formed over the substrate 1.

Next, the second electrode 6, the piezoelectric layer 5 and the first electrode 4 are patterned in a manner to correspond to each of the cavities 521, as shown in FIG. 6, thereby forming piezoelectric sections 54 in the number corresponding to the number of the cavities 521, as shown in FIG. 4.

Next, the base material (substrate 1) that becomes an ink chamber plate 52 is patterned, thereby forming concave sections that become the cavities 521 at positions corresponding to the piezoelectric sections 54, and concave sections that become a reservoir 523 and supply ports 524 at predetermined positions.

In the present embodiment, because a silicon substrate with a (110) orientation is used as the base material (substrate 1), a wet etching (anisotropic etching) using a highly concentrated alkaline solution is preferably used. In the case of wet etching with a highly concentrated alkaline solution, the stopper layer 2 can function as an etching stopper, as described above. Therefore the ink chamber plate 52 can be more readily formed.

In this manner, the base material (substrate 1) is removed by etching in its thickness direction to the extent that the elastic layer 55 is exposed, thereby forming the ink chamber substrate 52. It is noted that, in this instance, portions that remain without being etched become side walls 522.

Next, a nozzle plate 51 formed with a plurality of nozzles 511 is bonded such that each of the nozzles 511 is aligned to correspond to each of the concave sections that become the respective cavities 521. By this, the plurality of cavities 521, the reservoir 523 and the plurality of supply ports 524 are formed. For bonding the nozzle plate 51, for example, a bonding method using adhesive, a fusing method, or the like can be used. Next, the ink chamber substrate 52 is attached to the base substrate 56.

By the process described above, the ink jet recording head 50 in accordance with the present embodiment can be manufactured.

2-4. In the inkjet recording head 50 in accordance with the present embodiment, the piezoelectric layer 6 of the piezoelectric section 54 has a high piezoelectric constant (d₃ ₁) and exhibits a greater strainto a voltage impressed, as described above in conjunction with the first embodiment. In other words, the piezoelectric section 54 has excellent piezoelectric characteristics. Accordingly, the amount of deflection of the elastic layer 55 can become greater, and the ink droplet can be discharged more efficiently. It is noted here that the term “efficiently” implies that an ink droplet in the same amount can be jetted by a lower voltage. In other words, the driving circuit can be simplified, and at the same time, the power consumption can be reduced, such that the nozzles 511 can be formed at a pitch with a higher density. Accordingly, a high density printing and a high-speed printing become possible. Furthermore, the length of the major axis of the cavity 521 can be shortened, such that the entire head can be miniaturized.

3. Third Embodiment

3-1. Next, an ink jet printer in accordance with an embodiment of the invention equipped with an ink jet recording head 50 of the second embodiment is described. FIG. 8 is a view schematically showing a structure of an ink jet printer 600 in accordance with the present embodiment. The ink jet printer 600 can function as a printer capable of printing on paper or the like. It is noted that, an upper side in FIG. 8 refers to an “upper section” and a lower side therein refers to a “lower section” in the following descriptions.

The ink jet printer 600 is equipped with an apparatus main body 620, a tray 621 for holding recording paper P in an upper rear section thereof, a discharge port 622 for discharging the recording paper P to a lower front section thereof, and an operation panel 670 on an upper surface thereof.

The apparatus main body 620 is provided on its interior mainly with a printing device 640 having a head unit 630 that can be reciprocated, a paper feeding device 650 for feeding recording paper P one by one into the printing device 640, and a control section 660 for controlling the printing device 640 and the paper feeding device 650.

The printing device 640 is equipped with the head unit 630, a carriage motor 641 that is a driving source for the head unit 630, and a reciprocating mechanism 642 that receives rotations of the carriage motor 641 to reciprocate the head unit 630.

The head unit 630 includes the ink jet recording head 50 equipped with multiple nozzles 511 in its lower section, ink cartridges 631 that supply inks to the ink jet recording head 50, and a carriage 632 on which the ink jet recording head 50 and the ink cartridges 631 are mounted.

The reciprocating mechanism 642 includes a carriage guide shaft 644 with its both ends being supported by a frame (not shown), and a timing belt 643 that extends in parallel with the carriage guide shaft 644. The carriage 632 is freely reciprocally supported by the carriage guide shaft 644, and affixed to a portion of the timing belt 643. By operations of the carriage motor 641, the timing belt 643 is moved in a positive or reverse direction through pulleys, and the head unit 630 is reciprocally moved, guided by the carriage guide shaft 644. During these reciprocal movements, the ink is jetted from the ink jet recording head 50, to be printed on the recording paper P.

The paper feeding device 650 includes a paper feeding motor 651 as its driving source and a paper feeding roller 652 that is rotated by operations of the paper feeding motor 651. The paper feeding roller 652 is composed of a follower roller 652 a and a driving roller 652 b that are disposed up and down and opposite to each other with a feeding path of the recording paper P (i.e., the recording paper P) being interposed between the two, and the driving roller 652 b is coupled to the paper feeding motor 651.

3-2. Because the ink jet printer 600 in accordance with the present embodiment is equipped with the ink jet recording head 50 with high performance, which is capable of arranging nozzles at a higher density, as described above in conjunction with the second embodiment, a high density printing and a high-speed printing become possible.

It is noted that the ink jet printer 600 in accordance with the present embodiment can also be used as a droplet discharge device that is used for industrial purposes. In this case, as ink (liquid material) to be jetted, a variety of functional materials may be used with their viscosity being appropriately adjusted by solvent, dispersion medium or the like.

The embodiments of the invention are described above in detail. However, those skilled in the art should readily understand that many modifications can be made without substantially departing from the novel matter and effects of the invention. Accordingly, those modified examples are also included in the scope of the invention. For example, the piezoelectric elements in accordance with the present invention are applicable not only to the devices described above, but also to a variety of other devices. 

1. A method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element, comprising: forming a first electrode including a lanthanum nickelate layer that is oriented cubic (100) and is 10-140 nm in film thickness by sputtering a target having a ratio of nickel to lanthanum (Ni/La) that is greater than 1 but not greater than 1.2; forming a piezoelectric layer above the first electrode; and forming a second electrode above the piezoelectric layer.
 2. The method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode includes a low resistivity layer composed of a conductive material having a lower specific resistance compared to lanthanum nickelate.
 3. The method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element according to claim 2, wherein the conductive material includes at least one of a metal, an oxide of the metal, and an alloy of the metal, and the metal is at least one of Pt, Ir, Ru, Ag, Au, Cu, Al and Ni.
 4. The method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element according to claim 2, wherein the lanthanum nickelate layer is formed above the low resistivity layer.
 5. The method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the lanthanum nickelate layer and the piezoelectric layer are formed in contact with each other.
 6. The method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric material is composed of a rhombohedral crystal or a mixed crystal of tetragonal and rhombohedral crystals, and is oriented to (100).
 7. The method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric material has a perovskite structure. 